Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop in or on the ovaries, which are the organs responsible for producing eggs in women. They are common and can occur at any age, but they are most frequently seen in women who are still having menstrual cycles.
What Causes Ovarian Cysts?
Most ovarian cysts form as a normal part of the menstrual cycle. Here are the main types:
- Follicular Cysts: These occur when the follicle (the sac that holds the egg) doesn’t release the egg during ovulation and continues to grow instead. They usually resolve on their own within a few months.
- Corpus Luteum Cysts: After an egg is released, the empty follicle transforms into a structure called the corpus luteum. If it fills with fluid instead of shrinking, it forms a cyst. These can sometimes cause discomfort but often go away quickly.
Symptoms
Many ovarian cysts do not cause any symptoms and may be discovered incidentally during a routine exam. However, if symptoms do occur, they might include:
- Pelvic pain: This can be sharp or dull and may come and go.
- Bloating or pressure: You might feel fullness or swelling in your abdomen.
- Pain during sex: Some women experience discomfort during intercourse.
- Menstrual irregularities: Changes in your period can also occur.
In rare cases, if a cyst ruptures (breaks open), it can lead to sudden, severe pain and may require medical attention.
When to See a Doctor
You should consult a healthcare provider if you experience:
- Severe pelvic pain
- Pain accompanied by nausea or vomiting
- Changes in your menstrual cycle
Treatment
Most ovarian cysts are harmless and do not require treatment. They often resolve on their own. If a cyst is large or causing problems, treatment options may include:
- Monitoring: Regular check-ups to see if the cyst changes.
- Medications: Birth control pills can help prevent new cysts from forming.
- Surgery: In some cases, especially if there’s concern about cancer or severe symptoms, surgery may be necessary to remove the cyst.